Evaluation of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 Bycatch in Artisanal Fisheries in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT We evaluated the incidental catch of the blue crab in artisanal fisheries through the analysis of sex ratio, catch per unit effort, net positioning, and size in which the capture probability was 50% (P50). The specimens were collected from 2011 to 2013 in the estuary of Patos Lagoon, southern Brazil. The analysis showed a higher occurrence of males. Variations in the catch per unit effort showed greatest abundance values close to the mouth of the estuary. Catch per unit effort was similar when comparing fishing seasons and net positions. P50 indicated a low selectivity of the nets since it varied between studied areas but stayed below the size at first maturity. Catches indicated a greater effort on males, since females migrated to spawn in the ocean area adjacent to the estuary during the fishing period studied. The spatial variation of the catch per unit effort showed heterogeneity in fishing catches. Thus, optimal management of the resource should consider the particularities of each area.

Filhos em creches no século XXI e os sentimentos das mães / Children in XXI century day nurseries and the mothers' feelings

A creche no Brasil vem sendo modificada de seu projeto original de guarda de crianças da classe pobre para o reconhecimento de uma instituição social com objetivos educacionais, o que possibilita condições para a inserção e manutenção da mulher-mãe no mercado de trabalho. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os motivos e sentimentos de mães, provenientes de dois níveis socioeconômicos distintos, que deixam seus filhos em creche. Participaram 67 mães que deixam seu filho em creches, as quais responderam a um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas elaborado para esta pesquisa. Os dados revelam que mães de maior nível socioeconômico têm grande expectativa em relação à gravidez mas preferem desenvolver, paralelamente à maternidade, sua carreira profissional. A maioria das mães de menor nível socioeconômico não planejou a gravidez e afirma que prefeririam ficar em casa a deixar os filhos em creche, alegando que "os cuidados da mãe são os melhores para o filho". Nota-se que, por um lado, a decisão (ou necessidade) em deixar o filho em creche traz conseqüências positivas como realização profissional e/ou remuneração financeira e mesmo maior socialização da criança. Por outro lado, o cuidado do filho por terceiros ainda é percebido como inadequado, sendo que esta situação provoca sentimentos de medo e insegurança para a maioria das entrevistadas. No entanto, o sentimento de culpa aparece mais fortemente associado às mães de nível socioeconômico elevado, apesar de reconhecerem as qualidades socializadoras da creche. Para as mães de nível socioeconômico desfavorecido, trabalhar é uma questão de sobrevivência e não de escolha e, portanto, não gera tantos sentimentos de culpa

he purpose of crèches [day nurseries] in Brazil has changed from being simply a place for the care of lowerclass children, to recognition as a social institution with educational goals and at the same time enablingmothers to enter the labor market. This research paper discusses the reasons and feelings of mothers, fromtwo different socioeconomic levels, who leave their children to the care f others whilst they are working. Sixtyseven mothers participated by answering a questionnaire. The resulting data reveals that mothers from ahigher socioeconomic level have a greater expectation concerning their pregnancy; and they prefer todevelop their careers in unison with child bearing. Most of the mothers from a lower socioeconomic levelhave not planed their pregnancy and state that they would rather stay home than leave their children in aday nursery. The latter have the common opinion that, "a mother's care is best for the child". It is clear thatthe choice (or need) to leave a child to the care of others has positive consequences with respect to a mother'scareer development and consequential monetary earnings, as well as a benefit for the social integration ofchildren. However, the care of the child by strangers is still seen as inappropriate and causes feelings of fearand insecurity for most of the interviewed women. The feeling of guilt appears to be particularly associatedwith those mothers of higher socioeconomic level, even though the socializing qualities of the centers arewell recognized. For mothers of a lower socioeconomic level, work is a matter of survival and not an option;and therefore placement of their children in a day nursery does not generate as much guilt